Programming is the process of converting an Algorithm into a language that computers understand, called a Programming language. In simple terms, it's a precise set of steps to solve a specific problem.

C is a procedural language without support for classes and objects, while C++ combines both procedural and object-oriented programming.

An Interpreter translates code statement by statement, whereas a Compiler translates the entire code at once.

"std" is the default namespace in C++. It contains all the entities of the standard C++ Library.

"cin" is a predefined object in C++ for taking input. It's usually connected to the keyboard.

"cout" is a predefined object in C++ for outputting data. It's typically connected to the display screen.

A Variable is a reserved memory location used to store values in a program.

Keywords are predefined reserved words used to specify namespaces in C++.

Local variables are defined within functions and exist only when the function is executed. Global variables are defined outside functions and can be accessed by any function in the program.

Strings can be stored using the "char" data type or the "string" keyword.

No, we cannot. We should use the "float" data type for floating-point numbers.

Loops are used to repeat a set of instructions multiple times.

A "while" loop checks the condition before executing the loop body, while a "do-while" loop checks the condition after executing the loop body.

The "break" statement is used to exit a loop prematurely.

The "goto" statement provides an unconditional jump to a labeled statement within the same function.

When arguments are passed by value, a copy of the actual parameter is made, and changes made within the function do not affect the original parameter.

A Pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

A Reference is another name for an existing variable. Once initialized, it can be used interchangeably with the original variable.

We need to include the "ctime" library to use time-related functions in our program.

Data Structures are used to organize and store data efficiently, such as representing records in a library.

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. It's a programming paradigm that emphasizes objects and classes.

A Class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties and behaviors of objects.

Data Abstraction refers to showing only essential features of an object while hiding unnecessary details.

Encapsulation is a concept in OOP that binds data and functions together and protects them from external interference.

Inheritance allows a new class to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class.

Polymorphism means having multiple forms. In C++, it allows a function to have different implementations depending on the type of object it operates on.

A Friend Class can access private and protected members of another class if it's declared as a friend.

A Virtual Function is a function declared in a base class and redefined in derived classes. It allows dynamic binding of functions during runtime.

An Object is an instance of a class. It contains both data (variables) and methods (functions).

An Inline Function is a function specified to be expanded in line where it is called, to improve performance.

A Pure Virtual Function is a virtual function with no implementation in the base class. It must be implemented in derived classes.

An Abstract Class is a class that contains at least one pure virtual function. It cannot be instantiated and serves as a base class for other classes.

Function Overloading allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters to be defined in a program.

Operator Overloading allows operators like +, -, *, etc., to be redefined for user-defined data types.

A Constructor is a special member function that initializes objects of a class.

A Destructor is a special member function called when an object goes out of scope or is deleted. It cleans up resources allocated to the object.

malloc() is a function in C that dynamically allocates memory.

A Namespace is a declarative region that provides a scope to the identifiers (names) inside it, preventing naming conflicts.

The "new" operator is used to allocate memory dynamically.

The "this" pointer is a pointer available in non-static member functions, pointing to the object itself.

Stack memory is used for static memory allocation, while heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation. Stack memory is limited and managed automatically, while heap memory is larger and managed manually.

The "const" keyword is used to declare constants, indicating that a variable's value cannot be changed once assigned.

A Constructor Initialization List allows initialization of member variables of a class directly within the constructor's parameter list.

"public" members are accessible from outside the class, "private" members are only accessible from within the class, and "protected" members are accessible within the class and its derived classes.

A Destructor is a special member function that is called when an object is destroyed. It is used to release resources allocated by the object.

Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class, promoting code reuse and reducing redundancy.

The "delete" operator is used to deallocate memory allocated dynamically using the "new" operator.

Dynamic Polymorphism, also known as runtime polymorphism, allows a function to behave differently based on the object it operates on. It is achieved through function overriding.

"cin.get()" reads a single character from the input stream, while "cin.ignore()" discards characters from the input stream, useful for clearing the input buffer.

Virtual Destructors ensure that the appropriate destructor is called when deleting a derived class object through a base class pointer, preventing memory leaks in polymorphic hierarchies.

Memory leaks can be prevented by deallocating dynamically allocated memory using the "delete" operator, using smart pointers, and implementing proper resource management techniques.

Shallow copy creates a new object that points to the same memory location as the original object, while deep copy creates a new object with its own copy of the data, ensuring independence.

Exceptions in C++ can be handled using try, catch, and throw blocks. Code that might throw an exception is placed within a try block, and exceptions are caught and handled in catch blocks.

A Function Template is a feature in C++ that allows writing generic functions capable of operating with any data type. It facilitates code reuse and type safety.